An Overview of the Instrument Suite for the Deep Impact Mission

A suite of three optical instruments has been developed to observe Comet 9P/Tempel 1, the impact of a dedicated impactor spacecraft, and the resulting crater formation for the Deep Impact mission. The high-resolution instrument (HRI) consists of an f/35 telescope with 10.5 m focal length, and a combined filtered CCD camera and IR spectrometer. The medium-resolution instrument (MRI) consists of an f/17.5 telescope with a 2.1 m focal length feeding a filtered CCD camera. The HRI and MRI are mounted on an instrument platform on the flyby spacecraft, along with the spacecraft star trackers and inertial reference unit. The third instrument is a simple unfiltered CCD camera with the same telescope as MRI, mounted within the impactor spacecraft. All three instruments use a Fairchild split-frame-transfer CCD with 1,024× 1,024 active pixels. The IR spectrometer is a two-prism (CaF₂ and ZnSe) imaging spectrometer imaged on a Rockwell HAWAII-1R HgCdTe MWIR array. The CCDs and IR FPA are read out and digitized to 14 bits by a set of dedicated instrument electronics, one set per instrument. Each electronics box is controlled by a radiation-hard TSC695F microprocessor. Software running on the microprocessor executes imaging commands from a sequence engine on the spacecraft. Commands and telemetry are transmitted via a MIL-STD-1553 interface, while image data are transmitted to the spacecraft via a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) interface standard. The instruments are used as the science instruments and are used for the optical navigation of both spacecraft. This paper presents an overview of the instrument suite designs, functionality, calibration and operational considerations.     

高动态EMCCD星敏感器总体参数设计方法

从高动态星敏感器动态性能需求出发,分析了电子倍增型电荷耦合器件（EMCCD,electron multiplying CCD）噪声来源,推导恒星探测中EMCCD的信噪比公式.针对EMCCD总体参数设计优化问题,提出了EMCCD中电子倍增电压和致冷温度的设计方法,并应用该方法进行高动态星敏感器中EMCCD总体参数设计及仿真.仿真结果表明,角速度为10（°）/s时姿态测量精度优于30″.提出的EMCCD参数确定方法可以为高动态星敏感器设计提供参考.     

CCD相机焦平面电路的设计与仿真

文章介绍了CCD的焦面电路设计以及初步的设计结果并且对驱动电路和模拟信号放大电路进行了Pspice仿真。     

CCD亚像元成像质量的调制传递函数分析

从调制传递函数MTF的定义出发,对CCD离散抽样过程的MTF进行分析,指出CCD器件的MTF不仅与输入信号的频率有关,而且与相位有关,得出了CCD器件的平均调制传递函数的计算公式。通过计算对CCD的一般成像、亚像元成像和互有四分之一像元位移的成像系统的调制传递函数进行分析比较,结果表明,理论上亚像元成像获得图像的分辨率能达到一般成像的两倍,互有四分之一像元位移的成像系统获得的图像分辨率能达到一般成像的3.74倍。在空间频率低于CCD的Nyquist频率时,多CCD的成像质量也明显好于一般成像质量。     

基于交会对接CCD光学成像敏感器的双目测量算法

在空间交会对接近距离逼近阶段,CCD光学成像敏感器作为相对导航信息获取的主要测量敏感器,其测量性能直接关系到空间交会对接能否成功.针对适用于空间交会对接过程中CCD光学成像敏感器的双目测量算法展开研究,推导了基于主像机坐标系的双目测量算法计算公式,并重点对其抗干扰能力进行研究,最后对该双目测量算法进行了仿真分析并给出了仿真结果.     

The Swift X-Ray Telescope

he Swift Gamma-Ray Explorer is designed to make prompt multiwavelength observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and GRB afterglows. The X-ray telescope (XRT) enables Swift to determine GRB positions with a few arcseconds accuracy within 100 s of the burst onset. The XRT utilizes a mirror set built for JET-X and an XMM-Newton/EPIC MOS CCD detector to provide a sensitive broad-band (0.2–10 keV) X-ray imager with effective area of > 120 cm² at 1.5 keV, field of view of 23.6 × 23.6 arcminutes, and angular resolution of 18 arcseconds (HPD). The detection sensitivity is 2×10⁻¹⁴ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹ in 10⁴ s. The instrument is designed to provide automated source detection and position reporting within 5 s of target acquisition. It can also measure the redshifts of GRBs with Fe line emission or other spectral features. The XRT operates in an auto-exposure mode, adjusting the CCD readout mode automatically to optimize the science return for each frame as the source intensity fades. The XRT will measure spectra and lightcurves of the GRB afterglow beginning about a minute after the burst and will follow each burst for days or weeks. Dedicated to David J. Watson, in memory of his valuable contributions to this instrument.     

图像式轮廓瞄准系统及其数据处理方法的研究

基于CCD图像技术，提出一种新的图像轮廓瞄准系统，该系统实现了通用光学仪器及现代数字化仪器轮廓图像瞄准，解决了这类仪器自动化程序低、瞄准精度受人员的主观影响大、劳动强度大、不易微机化等问题，文中给出了新系统的结构及原理，并着重分析了图像轮廓数据的处理方法，最后，以对新系统进行了实验研究。     

轻型CCD相机

文中叙述了国外星载轻型CCD相机的研究现状与发展趋势,着重讨论了该种相机轻量化技术的各种途径,系统描述了这类相机的基本组成,并总结了研制轻型CCD相机所应具备的各项主要技术和关键技术。     

专用瞄准设备智能读数系统刻线的精确定位

专用瞄准设备智能读数系统采用普通CCD和图像采集卡,系统分辨力不高,为此采用基于矩心法的亚象素细分使刻线定位准确度大大提高.同时,针对系统图像倾斜和系统固有的刻线圆周角,进行了适当的修正,使系统最终识别准确度满足要求.     

星载线阵CCD相机与激光测高仪无控定位精度对比分析

光学立体测绘卫星测高精度受姿态确定能力的限制,难以实现1∶10 000及以上大比例尺无控立体测绘。激光测高卫星的高程精度高,考虑结合2种遥感手段,提升测绘卫星的无控定位精度。为比较高分辨率立体测图卫星与激光测高卫星的无控定位精度,介绍了星载线阵CCD立体相机及激光测高仪的几何定位原理,构建了相应的几何定位模型,推导了各自的误差传播方程。参照目前平台及载荷的技术水平,分析了卫星参数及各项测量指标,通过仿真估算了两者在同卫星平台上的无控定位精度,并进行定量对比分析。结果表明:同平台下星载线阵CCD相机平面定位精度优于星载激光测高仪,而后者的测高精度明显高于前者。